Statistics Without Maths for Psychology

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Multivariate statistics Why use multivariate analyses of variance? Multivariate analysis of variance Logic of MANOVA Assumptions of MANOVA Which F-value? Post-hoc analyses of individual DVs Correlated DVs How to write up these analyses SPSS: conducting MANOVA with one between-participants IV and two DVs Within-participants designs SPSS: one within-participants IV and two DVs Only the DVs should be normally distributed All DVs and all IVs should be normally distributed All DVs and all possible linear combinations of the DVs should be normally distributed All of the above Chapter overview Why teach statistics without mathematical formulae? Variables Levels of measurement Research designs Between-participants and within-participants designs Tables Tables on pages 78 and 117 from Effects of physical positions on sleep architectures and post-nap functions among habitual nappers, Biological Psychology, 83, 207–13 (Zhao, D., Zhang, Q., Fu, M., Tang, Y. and Zhao, Y. 2010). With permission from Elsevier; Table on page 201 from Counting on Working Memory When Learning to Count and to Add: A Preschool Study, Developmental Psychology, 45 (6), 1630–1643 (Noël, P. 2009), Copyright © 2009 by the American Psychological Association. Reproduced with permission. The official citation that should be used in referencing this material is doi:10.1037/a0016224. No further reproduction or distribution is permitted without written permission from the American Psychological Association; Table on page 202 from Perceived stigma, illness intrusiveness and quality of life in men and women with irritable bowel syndrome, Psychology, Health and Medicine, 7 (4), 381–95 (Dancey, C.P., Hutton-Young, S.A., Moye, S. and Devins, G.M. 2002), Reprinted by permission of the publisher (Taylor & Francis Ltd, http://www.informaworld.com); Table on page 227 from Inferencing processes after right hemisphere brain damage: maintenance of Chapter overview Frequency (categorical) data One-variable G2 or goodness-of-fit test SPSS: one-variable G2 SPSS: one-variable G2 – using frequencies different from those expected under the null hypothesis G2 test for independence: 2 × 2 SPSS: 2 × 2 G2 G2 test of independence: r × c

Frequency histogram The frequency histogram is a useful way of graphically illustrating your data. Often researchers are interested in the frequency of occurrence of values in their sample data. For example, ifAlthough we have updated many examples from the literature, we have left in some early studies because they illustrate exactly the points made in the text. Some reviewers thought there should be more challenging activities and/or multiple choice questions. Therefore, we have added activities which are based on examples from the literature, and require students to interpret the material, in their own words. They can then compare their interpretation with the authors’ interpretation. Other improvements are more definitions within the first few introductory chapters, and detail on meeting the assumptions of the tests. Since writing earlier editions of this book, we have received numerous reviews, the vast majority of which have been very positive. Over the years the reviewers have been incredibly helpful in ensuring that the book has improved and best meets the needs of students and lecturers alike. The improvements we have made in this fifth edition are a result of feedback we have received both from reviewers and from students. We would like to thank all those who have taken the time and effort to provide us with feedback and we would urge you to keep doing so. We hope that students who read the book will not only learn from it, but also enjoy our explanations and examples. We also hope that as a result of reading this book students will feel confident in their ability to perform their own statistical analyses. Basics Starting SPSS Working with data Data entry Saving your data Inputting data for between-participants and within-participants designs Within-participants designs

More definitions explain the key terms you need to understand statistics Up-to-date examples from the literature keep you informed of current research NEW interviews with researchers bring statistics to life NEW full-colour design makes it even easier to follow the steps in SPSS NEW SPSS exercises allow you to learn by using the software Full guidance on using version 18 of SPSS, as well as earlier versions of the softwaredgi]ZVcVanh